Plataforma fotoeletroquímica a base de Perovskitas cerâmicas para a detecção de 2 - (3,4-di-hidroxifenil) etilamina

Abstract

Dopamine, chemically known as 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) ethylamine (DFE), is a catecholamine neurotransmitter fundamental to the modulation of essential physiological functions. its dysregulation is associated with heart disease, hypertension, kidney failure, and neurological disorders, underscoring the need for reliable detection methods. Ceramic perovskites, characterized by their unique crystal structure, exhibit remarkable properties that make them highly suitable for technological applications. In this study, we explore the synergistic combination of two zirconium-based ceramic perovskites, barium zirconate (BaZrO) and strontium zirconate (SrZrO₂) for the development of a photoelectrochemical platform designed to detect DFE in artificial plasma samples. A fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode was modified with BaZrO, and SrZrO, to create a highly efficient photoelectrochemical sensor. The combination of these materials significantly enhanced the sensor's performance compared to their individual use, facilitating faster electron transfer rates and improved sensitivity for DFE detection. Under irradiation in the visible spectrum, using a low-power LED lamp as an excitation source, the photoelectrochemical platform showed a good response, compatible with sustainable and energy-efficient analytical applications. The materials were synthesized by microwave assisted combustion and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and chronoamperometry. Under optimized conditions, the sensor demonstrated two linear detection ranges for DFE: 0.01 to 100 µmol L¹ and 100 to 500 µmol L, with a detection limit of 0.009 µmol L¹. The SrZrO/BaZrO/FTO platform exhibited exceptional precision, accuracy, and selectivity for DFE detection. Furthermore, the method was successfully applied to determine DFE concentrations in artificial plasma samples, achieving recovery rates between 98,32% and 102.13%. Furthermore, the photoelectrochemical approach offers significant advantages over well-established analytical methods, such as reduced instrumental costs, operational simplicity, and decreased analysis time These results highlight the potential of this photoelectrochemical platform for reliable and sensitive DFE detection in real-world applications.