O sistema de garantia de direitos e a perícia especializada criminal de crianças e adolescentes no Maranhão: limites e perspectivas

Abstract

This study analyzes the structuring and operational dynamics of the Specialized Criminal Forensic Science Service directed at children and adolescents who are victims or witnesses of violence in the State of Maranhão, in light of the regulatory guidelines of the Rights Guarantee System (SGDCA) established by Law No. 13,431/2017. Anchored in historical-dialectical materialism and guided by theoretical frameworks on institutional violence and the microphysics of power, the research investigates the protective and criminal accountability role exercised by the Institute of Forensics for Children and Adolescents (IPCA) in São Luís. The methodological approach is based on documentary analysis and managerial data from institutional reports of the Official Criminal Forensics of Maranhão. The study reconstructs the exogenous genesis of the IPCA, born under the aegis of the friendly settlement before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) in the case of the "Emasculated Boys of Maranhão", highlighting the limits of purely bureaucratic institutional reforms. The results point to severe structural and managerial bottlenecks in the local forensic reality: physical and architectural inadequacies at the metropolitan headquarters that compromise the privacy of care and generate institutional revictimization; chronic territorial asymmetry characterized by the total absence of specialized child and adolescent forensic units in interior municipalities; informational opacity and fragmentation in the data transmission flow between security agencies; and an expressive deficit in the career technical staff, managed precariously through temporary labor ties. It is concluded that the mere introduction of isolated physical macrostructures is insufficient to ensure the Doctrine of Integral Protection. It becomes imperative to implement a paradigmatic shift that integrates intersectoral flows, standardizes operational protocols based on an age-group perspective, and establishes democratic channels of control and transparency, transforming protective efficacy from a regulatory precept into a concrete administrative reality.