Fluxo de potência ótimo por sensibilidade de carbono para minimizar custos operacionais e emissão de gases de efeito estufa

Abstract

Carbon emission trading constitutes a pivotal market-based instrument for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by establishing economic signals that drive investments and operations toward lower carbon intensity. In this context, organizations have adopted Internal Carbon Pricing (ICP) as a governance mechanism to prioritize low-emission technologies and projects. However, traditional carbon accounting approaches often fail to adequately capture the physics and operational constraints of power grids, thereby limiting the spatial and operational interpretation of emissions. To address this gap, this work proposes and applies the Carbon-Sensitive Optimal Power Flow (CS-OPF), formulated as an extension of the conventional Optimal Power Flow (OPF) that explicitly integrates environmental criteria into the dispatch optimization through carbon pricing. To quantify and interpret the environmental impacts associated with operational decisions and the location of injections/consumption, carbon intensity and sensitivity metrics are employed, with an emphasis on Locational Marginal Emissions (LME) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Model simulations and validations are conducted on the IEEE 118-bus test system using the MATLAB/MATPOWER environment, enabling an evaluation of the trade-off between operational costs and emissions under various carbon price scenarios. The results indicate that the explicit inclusion of carbon in the optimization process shifts the optimal generation allocation and can significantly reduce emissions while maintaining a technically consistent and economically viable operation, reinforcing the method's applicability in supporting regulatory and operational decisionmaking.