O socialismo chinês em sua formulação, demandas históricas e impactos sobre o desenvolvimento econômico, classe trabalhadora e meio ambiente: contribuição para uma análise

Abstract

The research was conducted with the aim of contributing to the understanding of the historical process that culminated in the formation and development of Chinese socialism in its main demands, formulations, and contradictions; as well as the impacts of its political structuring (resulting from its revolutionary construction and mediation with large capital) on economic development, the working class, and the environment. Throughout the work, we endeavored not only to analyze the dynamics of the phenomenon in its concrete movement that made Chinese socialism a unique experience in contemporary times but also to grasp its historical, economic, and geopolitical determinations and how this has been affecting the Chinese working class and the environment; the two categories most directly impacted by the policies implemented by the State and capital in the country. Throughout the work, we aimed not only to analyze the dynamics of the phenomenon in its concrete movement that made Chinese socialism a unique experience in contemporary times, but also to understand its historical, economic, and geopolitical determinations and how this has impacted the Chinese working class and the environment; the two categories most directly affected by the policies employed by the state and capital in the country. To this end, we analyzed the historical demands that culminated in the Xinhai Revolution, the Nationalist Party, the founding of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the National Liberation War, and finally, the Maoist Revolution that gave rise to contemporary China and the political and economic configuration that characterizes it in its advances and contradictions. Contradictions that appear in the research in two interconnected forms: those of the clashes between capital and labor force and the alterities between Chinese economic development and the environment. In this context, we seek to demonstrate two things: the first is that Chinese socialism, in its various phases, did not result in the development of a new strand within the field of Marxism/Leninism, but in the adaptation of Marxism/Leninism to the Chinese historical/cultural framework; directly responding to the historical demands of the country and its social struggles. The second is that if the existing historical contradictions between labor force, the environment, and capital do not find resolutions within capitalism, the so-called market socialism (the current historical phase of Chinese socialism) has also not been able to offer definitive solutions to the problem. In this perspective, the mediations established with capital that help to compose socialism as a transitional system also end up delimiting its potential for overcoming the current contradictions that permeate the relationships between capital, labor force, and the natural environment. Thus, what we intend to demonstrate throughout the research is that the balance between the working class, humanity, and the environment can only be achieved when the mediations with capitalism, especially in the current monopolistic/imperialist stage, have themselves been overcome.