Relação entre tipo de parto e aleitamento materno com a doença em pacientes com síndrome de Down: um estudo periodontal transversal

Abstract

Down’s syndrome (DS) is an autosomal chromosomal abnormality caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21 resulting in trisomy. It is characterized by changes in cognitive, physical and behavioral development. In this sense, Periodontal Disease (PD) can develop abruptly, aggressively, with early manifestation, being considered the most common oral disease in individuals with DS. Prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal factors, such as type of delivery and type of breastfeeding offer, are relevant and appear to be significant for an individual's oral health. Objective: To investigate the relationship between type of delivery and type of breastfeeding and PD in patients with DS. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 46 individuals with DS. Study volunteers underwent periodontal examination to measure probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), probing bleeding index (PBI), and visible plaque index (VPI). In addition, data collection was performed using a validated questionnaire on sociodemographic components, medical and dental history, and lifestyle habits. The significance level adopted for all tests was 5% (P≤0,05). Results: Individuals born by vaginal delivery had higher means in all known periodontal clinical parameters, especially PBI (45.6% for normal delivery versus 41.2% for cesarean delivery) and CAL ≥3mm (33.6% for normal delivery versus 31.3% for cesarean delivery), and mostly with stage 1 periodontitis (41.7%). Individuals born by cesarean delivery were mostly diagnosed with stage 2 periodontitis (70%). Data regarding the type of breastfeeding did not show statistically significant differences (P>0.05) Conclusion: The findings of our study showed that individuals with periodontitis in normal delivery may have initial stage and more extent periodontitis, while individuals with cesarean delivery manifest periontitis in a more severe and localized form. However, it is important to highlight several limitations present in the execution of this study, such as the cross-sectional methodological design and the small sample size. Further research should be carried out to confirm these findings.