Câncer de bexiga: diagnóstico não invasivo e ação dos extratos de Euterpe oleracea Mart. e Geissospermum vellosii in vitro contra células T24

Abstract

Introduction: Bladder cancer represents a significant challenge to global public health. Timely diagnosis can be limited by dependence on invasive or low-sensitivity diagnostic methods, while treatment often involves aggressive approaches, high morbidity and side effects. In this context, natural products emerge as potential alternative therapeutic routes. Euterpe oleracea and Geissospermum vellosii are Brazilian species, found in the Maranhão Amazon, which have been arousing scientific interest in research into antineoplastic treatments. The literature presents a significant gap regarding the investigation of the potential anticancer effects of these extracts in bladder cancer therapy. Objectives: To analyze the cytotoxic potential of Euterpe oleracea Mart. seed extracts. and stem bark of Geissospermum vellosii in T24 cell line, as well as searching the literature for microRNAs as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers in bladder cancer. Methodology: T24 cells were cultured in McCoy's medium, seeded in 96-well plates and treated with G. vellosii extract (5–100 μg/mL) and E. oleracea extract (50–1000 μg/mL) for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT test. For cell migration, cells were seeded in 96-well plates and, after confluence, a groove was made in each well, followed by photographic records. New recordings were made 24 hours after treatment with G. vellosii extract. A systematic review was also carried out to present the main current evidence on the use of miRNAs as biomarkers in the non-invasive diagnosis of bladder cancer. Results: Extracts of E. oleracea (IC50 = 171.1 and 133 μg/mL) and G. vellosii (IC50 =

24.36 μg/mL) inhibited cell viability in strain T24 in a time- and concentration- dependent manner. There was a concentration-dependent reduction in the migratory

capacity of T24 after 24 hours of treatment with G. vellosii extract, being more effective than cisplatin (5 μM), with 100% groove closure for control and cisplatin, and 81.8 ± 0.3% (20 μg/mL), 62.2 ± 9.4% (40 μg/mL) and 23.8 ± 6.5% (60 μg/mL) for the extract. A systematic review was carried out in July 2022 in the Medline database, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The initial search retrieved a total of 437 studies; of these, 21 were included in the final analyses. All included articles satisfactorily met risk of bias assessment requirements using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Data was collected based on expressed miRNA, sample type, expression profile, and accuracy. Conclusion: G. vellosii and E. oleracea were able to reduce cell viability and, G. vellosii, the migratory capacity of T24, demonstrating antitumor potential in human bladder cancer. The systematic review demonstrated that there is a tendency to group expressed miRNAs to construct diagnostic panels or use them in association with other diagnostic methods, with reasonable precision.