Efeitos do treinamento físico combinado em modelo experimental de síndrome metabólica: análise do perfil oxidativo renal

Abstract

Introduction: The framework of metabolic syndrome (MS) is associated with insulin resistance, increased blood pressure, and central obesity. Such associations make it possible to identify individuals affected by non-communicable chronic diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension, which account for 76% of deaths caused by morbidity and mortality in Brazil, along with a lower life expectancy than the healthy population. Moreover, one of the underlying factors in cellular dysfunction caused by hypertension in renal tissue is the increase in oxidative stress, intimately linked to MS, resulting from the rise in reactive oxygen species generation (such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide), which play a crucial role in the progression of renal disease. Given the rising cases of MS, research has attempted to simulate its onset through fructose overload and lack of physical training to analyze its genesis and non-pharmacological treatment methods such as exercise. Objectives: To analyze the effects of combined training on metabolic, hemodynamic parameters, functional capacity, and renal oxidative profile in female rats subjected to fructose overload. Methodology: For the experiments, 24 female Winstar rats (8 weeks old), weighing 200-220g, were divided into 3 groups: control (GC) (n=8); sedentary fructose (FS) (n=8); and combined training fructose (FTC) (n=8). The animals were kept in a controlled environment with temperatures between 22 and 25oC, a light-dark cycle (12 hours), and free access to water and food. Except for the control group, the other groups received a 100g/L fructose solution to drink. The trained group underwent a training protocol 1x a day/5x a week/8 weeks, involving both aerobic training (40 to 60% of the maximum speed obtained in the test) and resistance training on an adapted ladder (40 to 60% of the maximum load of the test) on alternate days. Hemodynamic, metabolic, functional capacity, and renal oxidative profile data were analyzed. The project was approved by the CEUA of UFMA (23115.042049/2019-66) and UNIFESP (6848071220). Results: After the applied protocol, the sedentary fructose group showed greater weight gain compared to the others. In the maximum effort test, the combined training group showed better results compared to the other two groups. When evaluating metabolic variables, there was no difference in blood glucose, but the FTC group had lower triglyceride levels compared to the FS group. Additionally, the FTC group showed lower insulin resistance values. Regarding hemodynamic variables (SBP, MAP, and HR), the FS group had higher values compared to the GC, while the FTC group had lower values than the FS group. There was no statistical difference in the DBP variable. Conclusion: Based on the data analysis provided by this study, combined physical training demonstrated efficacy in achieving the established objectives. It was indeed observed that combined training had an attenuating effect on renal injury. Furthermore, improvements were noted in hemodynamic, physical, and metabolic parameters, with emphasis on the oxidative profile.