Impactos da inserção da microgeração no equilíbrio econômico-financeiro dos contratos de concessão de distribuição de energia elétrica

Abstract

This work was developed in the Master course of the Postgraduate Program in Energy and Environment taught at the Federal University of Maranhão, and its main objective is to analyze the impacts of the fomentation and insertion of distributed generation, among them microgeneration, whose main source is To solar photovoltaic, in the Brazilian energy scenario. The mass adherence to microgeneration, by the Brazilian consumers, can culminate in impacts to be felt by the electric power concessionaires, by the consumers themselves and by all agents of the national energy sector. Two species of impacts were identified for electric power concessionaires, in the case of microgeneration insertion. These impacts are subdivided into (i) technical and (ii) economic impacts. The former can be represented by possible instabilities in the utility network, which could be avoided with adaptations in the planning of these systems. The economic aspects would be related to the increase in the price of the tariff, caused by the fall in the revenues of the distributors, an impact directly linked to the loss of revenue in the companies' cash registers. This could lead to uncertainties regarding the current distributor remuneration system, taking into account a scenario of mass membership of microgenerators. Hence comes the phenomenon called the spiral of death. The dynamics of this phenomenon follows a logic in which, with the increase of Distributed Generation, there is a decrease in the consumption of electric energy sold by the distributors, which results in an increase in the tariff for the captive market, which, in turn, would be lower. Since the market is smaller, the costs, when forming the tariff, in the periodic tariff reviews, would be divided by a smaller number of consumers. The tariff increase, consequently, increases the attractiveness of Distributed Generation, which, in turn, accelerates the process described above. As the distributors responsible for the maintenance and expansion of the electric system, in their concession area, the financial balance of these is a fundamental factor for the operation of the entire electric sector. This paper analyzes the economic financial equilibrium of distributors and the concession contract for the distribution of electric power and the impact on other consumers, in case of a mass migration of consumers to microgeneration.