https://tedebc.ufma.br/jspui/handle/tede/4911 2026-08-22T20:42:06Z https://tedebc.ufma.br/jspui/handle/tede/7183 Título: História Ambiental e Desastres em Duas Nações Atlânticas: Conexões, Transnacionais e Mineração na África do Sul e no Brasil Autor: PEREIRA, Dulce Maria Primeiro orientador: CARDOSO, Alírio Carvalho Abstract: This thesis examines the ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY of South Africa and Brazil in the context of cis-Atlantic mining extractivism, analyzing the impacts of ecotechnological disasters resulting from tailings dam failures. The study covers the period from 2010 to 2025 and assesses the hypothesis that the address delivered by Salvador Allende to the United Nations in 1972 remains relevant with regard to transnational corporate aggression against democratic states in order to enable large-scale extractivism. Using a multimethod approach and a cis-Atlantic analytical perspective that integrates Participatory Diagnosis, network science, and statistical modeling, the thesis confirms the continued relevance of Allende’s premises concerning challenges to sovereignty in mining-dependent nations. The investigations focus on the cases of Jagersfontein and Soweto in South Africa and Aurizona in Maranhão, Brazil, identifying how corporate interests renew practices of occupation, silencing, and risk externalization, thereby reproducing methods rooted in colonial history. The thesis examines neocolonial control, mining subservience, and structural asymmetries sustained through coercion, ecocide, and epistemicide, revealing the intentionality of territorial occupation, capital flight, and state oversight omissions. The research draws on the concepts of the Capitalocene, dehumanization, necroengineering, and environmental racism, with particular emphasis on Haitianism and the hidden subsidy constituted by women’s expropriated labor in the care economy in the face of the dispersal of contaminants and ecosystem degradation. By systematizing data on neoliberal mining in the territories studied, the research recognizes the fundamental role of science in interpreting processes and their actors and identifies the use of environmental management tools to conceal the empirical reality of extractive activity when assessed against market metrics. The analysis highlights ecotoxic impacts and the transnational routes through which mineral wealth circulates, structured by commodity chains that enable the circumvention of regulatory compliance requirements and the flight of value and sovereignty, while slow death remains localized within affected communities. The imposition of strict liability on corporations is translated into quantifiable parameters through two novel equations: the first establishes a “care wage” for women living at the epicenters of the disasters; the second establishes the Objective Obligation of Socio-Environmental Debt (DSA) metric for the full reparation of impacts, including collective non-pecuniary damages and future and indirect damages. Finally, the thesis examines treaties and agreements concluded by these countries, outlining possibilities for a sovereign ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY grounded in decolonial cooperation in the face of the global energy transition. The thesis recognizes the resilience of subalternized territories, which, through ancestral knowledge and a commitment to ecological regeneration and to that of their peoples, articulate their re-existence and envision the future as a chapter of local emancipation.; Esta tesis estudia la HISTORIA AMBIENTAL de Sudáfrica y Brasil en el contexto del extractivismo minero cisatlántico, analizando los impactos de los desastres ecotecnológicos derivados de rupturas de presas de relaves. El estudio abarca el período comprendido entre 2010 y 2025 y evalúa la hipótesis de la vigencia actual del discurso pronunciado por Salvador Allende ante la ONU en 1972, relativo a la agresión corporativa transnacional contra los Estados democráticos para viabilizar el extractivismo a gran escala. Mediante un enfoque multimétodo y una perspectiva analítica cisatlántica que integra el Diagnóstico Participativo, la ciencia de redes y la modelización estadística, la tesis confirma la actualidad de las premisas de Allende acerca de los desafíos a la soberanía en las naciones minerodependientes. Las investigaciones se centran en los casos de Jagersfontein y Soweto, en Sudáfrica, y de Aurizona, en Maranhão, Brasil, e identifican cómo los intereses corporativos actualizan prácticas de ocupación, silenciamiento y externalización de riesgos, reproduciendo métodos originados en la historia colonial. Se examinan el control neocolonial, la minerosubserviencia y las asimetrías estructurales operadas mediante la coerción, el ecocidio y el epistemicidio, poniendo de manifiesto la intencionalidad de la ocupación territorial, la fuga de capitales y la omisión en la fiscalización estatal. La investigación moviliza los conceptos de capitaloceno, deshumanización, necroingeniería y racismo ambiental, con especial énfasis en el haitianismo y en el subsidio oculto constituido por el trabajo expropiado de las mujeres en la economía del cuidado frente a la dispersión de elementos contaminantes y la degradación ecosistémica. Al sistematizar los datos de la minería neoliberal en los territorios investigados, la investigación reconoce el carácter fundamental de la ciencia para la interpretación de los procesos y de sus actores e identifica el uso de herramientas de gestión ambiental para disimular la realidad empírica de la actividad extractivista ante las métricas de mercado. Se evidencian los impactos ecotóxicos y las rutas transnacionales de circulación de la riqueza mineral, articuladas por cadenas mercantiles que posibilitan la elusión del cumplimiento normativo y la evasión de valor y soberanía, mientras la muerte lenta permanece localizada en las comunidades afectadas. La atribución de responsabilidad objetiva a las corporaciones se traduce en parámetros cuantificables mediante dos ecuaciones inéditas: la primera estipula el – salario del cuidado – destinado a las mujeres residentes en los epicentros de los desastres; la segunda establece la métrica de Obligatoriedad Objetiva de la Deuda Socioambiental (DSA) para la reparación integral de los impactos, incluidos los daños morales colectivos y los daños futuros, a la Naturaleza, e indirectos. Por último, se examinan los tratados y acuerdos suscritos por ambos países, delineando posibilidades para una HISTORIA AMBIENTAL soberana, fundamentada en la cooperación decolonial frente a la transición energética global. La tesis reconoce la resiliencia de los territorios subalternizados que, mediante conocimientos ancestrales y el compromiso con la regeneración ecológica y la de sus pueblos, articulan su reexistencia y proyectan el futuro como un capítulo de emancipación local.; Cette thèse étudie l’HISTOIRE ENVIRONNEMENTALE de l’Afrique du Sud et du Brésil dans le contexte de l’extractivisme minier cisatlantique, en analysant les impacts des désastres écotechnologiques résultant de ruptures de barrages de résidus miniers. L’étude couvre la période comprise entre 2010 et 2025 et évalue l’hypothèse de la pertinence actuelle du discours prononcé par Salvador Allende à l’ONU en 1972 au sujet de l’agression des entreprises transnationales contre les États démocratiques afin de rendre possible l’extractivisme à grande échelle. Au moyen d’une approche multiméthode et d’une perspective analytique cisatlantique intégrant le Diagnostic participatif, la science des réseaux et la modélisation statistique, la thèse confirme l’actualité des prémisses d’Allende concernant les défis posés à la souveraineté dans les nations minéro-dépendantes. Les recherches portent sur les cas de Jagersfontein et de Soweto, en Afrique du Sud, ainsi que sur celui d’Aurizona, dans l’État du Maranhão, au Brésil, et montrent comment les intérêts des entreprises réactualisent des pratiques d’occupation, de réduction au silence et d’externalisation des risques, reproduisant ainsi des méthodes issues de l’histoire coloniale. La recherche examine le contrôle néocolonial, la minéro-servilité et les asymétries structurelles mises en œuvre par la coercition, l’écocide et l’épistémicide, mettant en évidence l’intentionnalité de l’occupation territoriale, la fuite des capitaux et l’omission dans le contrôle étatique. Elle mobilise les concepts de capitalocène, de déshumanisation, de nécroingénierie et de racisme environnemental, en mettant particulièrement l’accent sur l’haïtianisme et sur la subvention cachée constituée par le travail exproprié des femmes dans l’économie du care face à la dispersion des éléments contaminants et à la dégradation écosystémique. En systématisant les données relatives à l’exploitation minière néolibérale dans les territoires étudiés, la recherche reconnaît le caractère fondamental de la science pour l’interprétation des processus et de leurs acteurs et identifie l’usage d’outils de gestion environnementale visant à dissimuler la réalité empirique de l’activité extractiviste au regard des métriques du marché. Sont mis en évidence les effets écotoxiques et les routes transnationales de circulation de la richesse minérale, structurées par des chaînes marchandes qui permettent le contournement des obligations de conformité ainsi que la fuite de valeur et de souveraineté, tandis que la mort lente demeure localisée dans les communautés touchées. L’attribution d’une responsabilité objective aux entreprises est traduite en paramètres quantifiables au moyen de deux équations inédites: la première fixe le – salaire du care – destiné aux femmes résidant dans les épicentres des catastrophes; la seconde établit la métrique de l’Obligation objective de la dette socioenvironnementale (DSA) en vue de la réparation intégrale des impacts, y compris les préjudices moraux collectifs ainsi que les préjudices futurs, à la nature et indirects. Enfin, les traités et accords conclus par ces pays sont examinés, ce qui permet d’esquisser les possibilités d’une HISTOIRE ENVIRONNEMENTALE souveraine, fondée sur la coopération décoloniale face à la transition énergétique mondiale. La thèse reconnaît la résilience des territoires subalternisés qui, grâce aux savoirs ancestraux et à l’engagement en faveur de la régénération écologique et de celle de leurs peuples, articulent leur réexistence et projettent l’avenir comme un chapitre d’émancipation locale. Instituição: Universidade Federal do Maranhão Tipo do documento: Tese 2026-07-03T00:00:00Z https://tedebc.ufma.br/jspui/handle/tede/7162 Título: Cartografia etnográfica das materialidades da presença negra no território da antiga República do Cunani (séc. XIX-XXI) Autor: LIMA, Jelly Juliane Souza de Primeiro orientador: NAVARRO, Alexandre Guida Abstract: In Amazonia, since the european invasion and european colonization conflicts emerged on this territory. Speciffically, the frontier zone and border limits issues between Brazil and France, in the last decade of the 19th century, culminated in a dispute for a wide and extended area between the Oiapoque and Araguari rivers, which corresponds to the current Brazilian state of Amapá. In that contested region, different human collectives, like American indigenous communities, quilombolas and mocambeiros (Afro-Brazilian traditional rural communities, historically equivalent to maroons), forced laborers and enslaved people, african and afro-descentends freedom seekers, crioulos (creole people, a regional term used to describe predominantly afro-descendants people sharing cultural elements in a wide region) from Antilhas and Guianas, poor white people, migrantes nordestinos (northeast Brazilian migrants), and also- fishers, garimpeiros (artisanal and Small-Scale Miners, "wildcat miners"), small-scale merchants and traders, smallholder farmers, soldiers, deserters, prisoners, fugitives were seeking territories of liberty and freedom. The boundary, as a political and symbolic construction, was part of the idea of an imminent nation and internal colonialist actions. Within this context, the State mobilized archaeology to document the materialities and populations residing in geographical areas that had not been officially cartographed. Consequently, like other modern sciences, archaeology became entangled with internal colonialism and racism. By participating in the construction of a national identity, archaeology produced a narrative that granted a pretense of visibility to the Indigenous past while imposing both implicit and explicit invisibility on the Black presence in this region. These spaces— namely, quilombola territories—reveal in the present day the struggles, resistance, interactions, and modes of thought activated by the agency of the material world, which diverge from the surrounding national society. As a point of convergence, this doctoral research engages with the lived experience of the village of Cunani, known historiographically as either the Cunani quilombo or the Republic of Cunani—the focal point in diplomatic and territorial debates surrounding the Contestado Franco-Brasileiro (the Franco-Brazilian Contested Territory). The primary objective of this study was to map the materialities of the Black presence within the historical territory of the Contestado Franco-Brasileiro from the nineteenth to the twenty-first centuries. Oral tradition and historical as well as contemporary archaeological materialities, deeply intertwined with the life histories of these populations, served as the empirical sources for this research. The study was guided by methodologies such as oral history, ethnography as appropriated by archaeology, and cartographic mapping to record information. As a counter-narrative, historical archaeology and the archaeology of the African diaspora emerged in alignment with a collaborative and participatory framework. The field research conducted within the quilombola community of Cunani enabled the production of multiple cartographies of materiality, structured around analytical categories such as places, objects, celebrations, forms of expression, and traditional knowledge, all underpinned by memory and oral history. Consequently, this doctoral research in the Cunani region contributes by placing the Black presence in the historical territory of the Contestado Franco-Brasileiro (19th–21st centuries) onto the chronological timeline—a presence that had been systematically erased by colonialist archaeology. Instituição: Universidade Federal do Maranhão Tipo do documento: Tese 2025-09-29T00:00:00Z https://tedebc.ufma.br/jspui/handle/tede/6860 Título: Educar para a vida, através da vida: a base teórico metodológica da pedagogia Waldorf e o ensino de História no Brasil contemporâneo como exemplo de educação emancipatória Autor: MUNHOZ JUNIOR, Irceu Primeiro orientador: PEREIRA, Josenildo de Jesus Abstract: This research investigated the thinking of the Austrian philosopher Rudolf Steiner and his contributions to the construction of a theory of knowledge at the end of the 19th century that would serve as a basis for some practical initiatives in different fields of knowledge, including the field of Education. Such methodological bases of this Steinerian theory of knowledge would be used to support the foundations of a pedagogical proposal that would emerge in post-war Germany, in 1919: Waldorf pedagogy. In this thesis, we will see how Steiner's approaches to the processes of human knowledge in relation to natural phenomena and the entire sensory world constitute principles for the practice of Waldorf pedagogy and, mainly because of this, make it a unique educational proposal. We will be able to see how much Steiner was a thinker of his time and space and how his historical and philosophical context are represented in his works, highlighting Goethe's influences on his theory of knowledge and later on Waldorf pedagogical practice. Waldorf pedagogy is based on intentions that are absolutely committed to contemporary issues and has entered the 20th and 21st centuries, growing throughout the world and contributing to social transformations in the communities in which it operates through educational processes that seek to promote human emancipation and the practice of citizenship based on awareness raising as a result of a methodological-didactic process that aims to strengthen the human being as a whole. We understand that, for this reason, in 1994, UNESCO declared Waldorf pedagogy as capable of responding to educational challenges, especially in areas of great cultural divergence and social conflict. We will illustrate this methodological proposal through examples focused on teaching History in High School, so that we can see Steiner's theory of knowledge alive in the practical methodological bases of a class of this subject in Brazilian Basic Education. We will demonstrate how these pedagogical intentions, anchored in a deep interest in human beings, in Steiner's theory of knowledge, in phenomenology and in Goetheanism, constitute an educational proposal committed to the emancipation of students in the teaching-learning process so that they can act in their life context, promoting civic practices and social transformations. Instituição: Universidade Federal do Maranhão Tipo do documento: Tese 2025-12-09T00:00:00Z https://tedebc.ufma.br/jspui/handle/tede/6677 Título: Corporeidades das mulheres na escola normal oficial em Teresina - Piauí (1909-1950) Autor: FERREIRA, Lorena Maria de França Primeiro orientador: SANTOS, Lyndon de Araújo Abstract: In the first decades of the 20th century, Brazil underwent changes driven by the political regime of the Republic, whether these changes were in the structures of its main cities, in the educational field, or in social relations. This also happened in the city of Teresina - Piauí, which was forming as the administrative center of the state, a place of political and ideological effervescence, and the Escola Normal Oficial was being established for the educational training of women. The thesis aims to understand the corporealities of women produced at the Escola Normal Oficial in Teresina - Piauí, and to analyze the constructions and representations of women's bodies as normalistas and teachers. For this understanding, the works of Le Breton (2007) and Courtine (2013) on the construction of the body; Foucault (1979; 1997) for understanding power relations; Scott (1995) for gender relations; Lefebvre (2006) and De Certeau (2003) for spatial analyses; Chartier (1990) to reflect on female representations; and Assmann (2011) to understand memories were used. The research is outlined using historical scales of analysis (Revel, 2010) for the study of women in education in Teresina - PI, relating it to the history of Brazil and how women left their mark on education through their experiences. For the analysis, sources produced by the Piauí public authorities were used, such as reports and governmental messages, decrees, memorialistic works, magazines, and newspapers that circulated in the interior and in the capital of Piauí. Instituição: Universidade Federal do Maranhão Tipo do documento: Tese 2025-11-14T00:00:00Z