TEDE Coleção:
https://tedebc.ufma.br/jspui/handle/tede/tede/1260
2024-03-29T10:51:08ZDiversidade e valor de uso de plantas lenhosas na Baixada Maranhense, Amazonia Oriental, Brasil
https://tedebc.ufma.br/jspui/handle/tede/tede/4766
Título: Diversidade e valor de uso de plantas lenhosas na Baixada Maranhense, Amazonia Oriental, Brasil
Autor: AMORIM, Ingrid Fabiana Fonseca
Primeiro orientador: ALMEIDA JUNIOR, Eduardo Bezerra de
Abstract: Brazil has a great plant diversity that influences the social and economic field, due to
the large collection of popular knowledge they have, influenced by the traditional
communities that inhabit it and have direct access to nature and the applications of
biodiversity. Tropical forests are of great importance for harboring an immense plant
and animal diversity, which are sources of food and income for the traditional
communities that inhabit them. The present study carried out an ethnobotanical survey
in the Quilombola community of Pericumã located in the Baixada Maranhense, with the
objective of knowing the use value (VU) and Relative Importance (RI) of the local flora
and the conversational status of the species. The study was carried out in the quilombola
community of Pericumã, municipality of Bequimão, where descriptions, citations of
examined material, popular names, ethnobotanical descriptions were presented, relating
to the potential use of the species. The research was explained to the participants, who
were invited to sign the Free and Informed Consent Term, which was submitted and
approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Maranhão-
CEP-HUUFMA, (process no 4,612,680) and submitted to the Secretary of State for the
Environment and Natural Resources (SEMA), with process no 2003260020. Thirty-two
sense-type interviews were carried out in the 42 existing residences in the community of
Pericumã, with heads of families, 12 of which were men aged 35 to 90 years old and 20
women 30 to 93 years old, the research took place between September 2019 and
February 2020. The interviews were carried out individually at different times, as
suggested by Phillips and Gentry (1993), seeking to avoid interference from third
parties. In the ethnobotanical analyses, species use value (VU), rarefaction curve and
Chao1 were used in order to demonstrate the sample sufficiency of the research and
quantitative analyzes were carried out to verify the relative importance (RI) and use
value (VU) of the species medicinal. A total of 136 vernacular plant names were cited,
distributed in 109 genera and 46 families. A survey was carried out regarding the
conservation status of plants according to the red list of threatened species, IUCN and
CNCF, where we observed that some species are in the threatened category due to
timber use in the region. It was still possible through semi-structured interviews to make
a brief account of the history of the community, culture and way of life of the residents,
which is extremely important for the community. The most representative families in
the study were: Fabaceae with 16 species, Lamiaceae (11spp), Arecaceae (9 spp),
Anacardiaceae (7spp), Rutaceae (6spp), Myrtaceae and Rosaceae (5 spp, respectively),
Rubiaceae, Sapotaceae and Annonaceae with 4 spp each. The most cited forms of use
were: Food, Medicinal, Construction and Technological, where the species that
presented the highest VU were Babaçu (Attalea speciosa Mart. Ex Spreng.) (VU =
3.68), Manga (Mangifera indica L.) (VU = 1.34), Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L)
(VU = 1.34). The plants of medicinal use had 77 vernacular names, distributed in 69
genera and 36 families. The highest Value in Use (VU) and Relative Importance (RI)
was presented by the species Babaçu (Attalea speciosa Mart. ex Spreng.) (VU=3.68;
RI= 2), being the most versatile species, followed by Cashew (Anacardium occidentale
L) (VU= 1.34; RI=1), and the matruz (Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants), which presented low VU, however it was the second species with the highest
relative importance (RI=1.5). Regarding the conservation status, species were found in
different threat categories such as: Vulnerable (VU), Least Concern (LC) and Near
Threatened (NT), demonstrating the importance of ethnobotanical and ecological
studies in the region. The species presented high Use Value (VU) and relative
importance (RI) due to their socioeconomic and cultural importance in the Baixada
Maranhense. The community of Pericumã demonstrated a vast knowledge about the
local vegetation and its forms of use, demonstrating the need for more studies in the
community aimed at the conservation of local species, due to the great floristic and
cultural wealth. The community demonstrated a vast knowledge about medicinal plants
and their various uses, as it is the first ethnobotanical record in the community, it is
necessary to carry out more studies because the area has a great floristic and cultural
wealth. It was possible to previously observe through the use categories mentioned by
the interviewees that the extraction and use of plants for different purposes is still
something very strong in the quilombo.
Instituição: Universidade Federal do Maranhão
Tipo do documento: Tese2022-09-14T00:00:00ZBiologia reprodutiva e expressão gênica gonadal em Genyatremus luteus (BLOCH, 1790) - (Teleostei, Perciformes: Haemulidae)
https://tedebc.ufma.br/jspui/handle/tede/tede/4759
Título: Biologia reprodutiva e expressão gênica gonadal em Genyatremus luteus (BLOCH, 1790) - (Teleostei, Perciformes: Haemulidae)
Autor: RIBEIRO, Diego Luiz Dos Santos
Primeiro orientador: TORRES JUNIOR, José Ribamar de Souza
Abstract: Genyatremus luteus, popularly known as stonefish, is an estuarine-marine species with a
preferentially coastal habitat, living especially in estuaries and lagoons. This species has great
potential for extractive fisheries in the state of Maranhão. However, little is known about the
reproductive biology of this species. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the
reproductive biology and gonadal gene expression in G. luteus on the island of Maranhão. 21
male and 28 female specimens were used. According to the histological characteristics of the
testes observed in the histological analysis, males were grouped into three reproductive stages:
immature (n=7), maturing (n=7) and mature (n=7) and females, in turn, based on the
histological characteristics of the ovarian follicles and the development of the oocyte were also
classified: immature (n=7), maturing (n=7), mature (n=7) and spawned (n=7). Plasma levels of
hormones E2, 11-KT and 17α-OHP were measured by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA).
Estrogen (er) and LH (lhr) receptor gene expression was analyzed by real-time PCR. In males,
the plasma concentration of 11-KT showed a peak in the final maturation phase. The highest
plasma concentrations of 17α-OHP were found in the immature stage, which decreased in the
subsequent stages. On the other hand, 17β-estradiol (E2) showed higher concentration in the
maturation stage. The expression of er significantly increased along the maturational
development of the testes. The mRNA for the LH receptor decreased from the immature stage
to the maturation stage with a consequent peak of expression in the mature stage. There was a
high correlation between receptor gene expression and plasma steroid levels, especially with
E2. In females, the highest plasma concentration of E2 was found in mature specimens. Plasma
concentrations of 17α-OHP increased significantly from the immature stage to the final stage
of ovarian maturation. The maturational reproductive stage had no effect on plasma 11-KT
concentrations. The expression of er in the ovaries significantly increased throughout ovarian
maturation and remained high in the maturation and spawning stages. The expression of lhr
showed a similar trend throughout the maturation process, although it reached its peak in the
spawning phase. In conclusion, this study characterized for the first time, under the cellular,
endocrine and molecular aspects, the different stages of reproductive maturation in males and
females of G. luteus, demonstrating that the gene expression profile for er and lhr receptors, as
well as plasma concentrations of 11-KT and E2 were directly related to testicular and ovarian
maturation, although not necessarily related to the gonadosomatic index.
Instituição: Universidade Federal do Maranhão
Tipo do documento: Tese2022-08-25T00:00:00ZDiversidade genética e ecológica de abelhas das orquídeas em diferentes formações vegetais brasileiras
https://tedebc.ufma.br/jspui/handle/tede/tede/4748
Título: Diversidade genética e ecológica de abelhas das orquídeas em diferentes formações vegetais brasileiras
Autor: MARTINS, Denilson Costa
Primeiro orientador: ALBUQUERQUE, Patrícia Maia Correia de
Abstract: The bees of the tribe Euglossini (Apidae) perform an important role in the maintenance of
Neotropical forests, as they pollinate several families of plants. The most notable aspect of
orchid bees is the search for chemical compounds present in plants, by the males of this tribe.
Brazil has the two humid tropical forest formations with the highest diversity of species in the
world, the Amazon forest and the Atlantic forest, which, interspersed with the Cerrado domain,
contain the highest biodiversity in South America. The sampling distribution of the surveys of
the orchid bee fauna is not homogeneous, most areas are not even sampled. Besides the
insufficient number of inventories, there is an incipiency regarding the ecological knowledge
and the genetic diversity of the populations of the group. Thus, the present study aimed to
investigate, based on mitochondrial (16S and COI) and nuclear (Opsin) molecular markers, the
genetic diversity and structure of populations of two species that have an intimate host-parasite
relationship, in this case Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier (host) and Exaerete smaragdina (Guérin)
(parasite) throughout the Atlantic forest and other Brazilian formations. In association with the
genetic data, assess the species richness, composition and abundance of the Euglossini bee
communities in Cerrado and Amazon forest remnants present in the northeastern transition area
(TN), an area in which the state of Maranhão is located. The results of Bayesian Skyline Plot
(BSP) analyses, haplotype networks, neutrality tests and genetic diversity analyses based on
COI gene indicate population expansion of El. nigrita and Ex. smaragdina during the
Pleistocene. Our data revealed areas with high genetic diversity considered potential refugia
during Pleistocene climatic ocillations in the Atlantic forest, in Pernambuco for Ex. smaragdina
(Hd=0.750±0.139) and Espírito Santo for El. nigrita (Hd=1±0.272). For the latter species the
highest diversity patterns (Hd=0.873) were found in the TN region and corroborating with
literature data this area was associated with a potential refuge for Euglossini bees during
climatic oscillations in the Pleistocene. Aligned with these data, high species richness values
were found in the Cerrado (24 species) and Amazon forest (42 sp) present in the TN region.
With highlights for the Reentrâncias Maranhense Environmental Protection Area of where one
of the highest richness values in studies with orchid bees in Brazil was found. Both genetic
(COI gene) and community structure data indicate that the northeastern transition area played
an important role in the evolutionary history of orchid bees.
Instituição: Universidade Federal do Maranhão
Tipo do documento: Tese2022-08-24T00:00:00ZÓleos essenciais e terpenos como estratégia de controle de carrapatos e nematoides
https://tedebc.ufma.br/jspui/handle/tede/tede/4747
Título: Óleos essenciais e terpenos como estratégia de controle de carrapatos e nematoides
Autor: SOUSA, Anildes Iran Pereira
Primeiro orientador: SOARES, Alexandra Martins dos Santos
Abstract: Ticks and nematodes are widely distributed parasites of veterinary importance. The
continuous use of synthetic acaricides and anthelmintics has resulted in increased resistance.
Thus, therapeutic alternatives such as natural products have been considered. The parasitic
activity of plant essential oils (EOs) and their components have been investigated against ticks
and nematodes. This study aimed to evaluate essential oils and terpenes as a strategy to
control nematodes and ticks. The action of essential oils (EOs) obtained from 16 cultivars of
Ocimum basilicum, linalool, methyl chavicol, citral and eugenol was evaluated in vitro in the
test of inhibition of the hatching of eggs of the nematode Haemonchus contortus.
Additionally, the action of three cultivars was evaluated, which were simulated using a
combination of the two main compounds of each one. For the tick studies, a shampoo
containing carvacrol was formulated with sodium lauryl ether sulfate, cocoamidopropyl
betaine, lauryl glucoside, carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl paraben and citric acid. The
shampoo's sensory characteristics and pH were evaluated at 37, 25 and 5 °C. The
effectiveness of shampoo containing carvacrol against R. microplus and R. sanguineus was
evaluated by the larval immersion test. Regarding the tests on nematodes, the EOs from
different cultivars of O. basilicum showed a concentration to inhibit 50% of the hatchability
of eggs (IC50) of H. contortus, ranging from 0.56 to 2.22 mg/mL. The cultivar with the most
significant inhibition of egg hatching, napoletan, consists mainly of linalool and methyl
chavicol. Among the individual compounds tested, citral was the most effective (IC50 0.30
mg/mL). The best combination of compounds was obtained with 11% eugenol and 64%
linalool (IC50 0.44 mg/mL). As a result of the assessments on ticks, the mortality of R.
microplus and R. sanguineus was 100% after treatment with 0.15% shampoo containing
carvacrol (1:19 dilution of shampoo in water). The shampoo with carvacrol was stable under
the conditions analyzed. We conclude that different cultivars of O. basilicum have different
efficacies against H. contortus, with the cultivars containing linalool and methyl chavicol
being the most promising; we also conclude that the shampoo containing carvacrol has
acaricidal efficacy and is a potential tick control agent.
Instituição: Universidade Federal do Maranhão
Tipo do documento: Tese2022-12-15T00:00:00Z